UK companies have demonstrated that they are ready and willing to do their share to tackle climate change. But they cannot act alone.

For climate action to be effective, it needs to be coordinated, and it needs to be global.

Companies will deliver the new technology to drive the development of a low carbon economy, but they cannot do so unless they have signals from government about where we are headed.

This is where Copenhagen comes in. To unlock the potential of a low carbon economy, we need governments to negotiate a climate change deal that provides certainty about emissions reductions targets from which new policies and regulations will flow. Giving companies the confidence to make long-term investments in new low carbon technologies.

Green innovation is key to meeting the level of emissions reductions needed to prevent dangerous climate change. There is no doubt that the UK can become a global low carbon leader. The global market is worth £3tn, and as all the major economies try to get their slice of this, it’s important UK firms don’t lose out.

But to become a world leader we need to use the UK’s existing strengths. We cannot hope to compete in all the low carbon technologies, but where we do compete, we must look to lead.

Our automotive sector is already developing the next generation of low carbon vehicles. Our experience in the North Sea means we’re a leading global player in offshore and subsea engineering, employing some 100,000 people. As we develop wind and marine power and carbon capture and storage technology, this will prove invaluable. Britain’s laboratories, whether public, private or academic, are producing groundbreaking work. And wind speeds around the British Isles are some of the best in the world for on- and off-shore generation.

But we need to develop the right commercial environment. Many things will have to come together for investment to be successful, including the right research and development environment, the right protection for intellectual property, improved access to finance and a better skills base.

Protecting intellectual property is a key incentive for business to develop and deploy technology. There are worrying signs that in the Copenhagen negotiations the government is preparing to blink on this issue to help the rapid diffusion of low carbon technologies in developing countries.

But, any compulsory licensing of these technologies would be counter-productive and damaging in the longer term by reducing the incentive for business to continue innovating. In any case, the growing number of patents from emerging countries shows that the current regime of protection is working. China has 38 per cent of the patents in solar, for example.

However Britain, just like its competitors, needs to develop the right skills base if it is to build intellectual property in the first place. This means increasing the number of young people coming through our schools and universities with the right science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) skills.

Developing and maintaining economic value in the UK from low carbon innovation will not be possible without these STEM skills. We need to see more young people studying all three sciences at GCSE, as this is the best preparation for further science study. It is only by developing the right skills that we’ll create the new green jobs we all want to see.

The Copenhagen summit marks a critical stage on the journey to a low carbon future, and will shape much of how we work together. The road to Copenhagen will not be easy; there is much hard-edged negotiation to go. It has the potential to set the framework for a low carbon economy with innovation and new technology in the driving seat. The opportunity is here and now -we must grasp it.

(Source: http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/about/newsletter/global-low-carbon-future.htm)

The negotiations are complex and have not always gone smoothly over the last 2 years. Specifically at stake are a number of key issues including:

• Setting the level of the overall emissions reduction ambition, such as a global target for 2050
• Agreeing individual developed nation targets to 2020 and 2050 and the nature of developing nations’ low carbon growth plans
• Putting in place new supporting mechanisms to ensure finance flows into low carbon investments including the expansion of the international carbon markets and a potential international fund to help developing nations
• Developing local capacity building for energy efficiency and technology innovation in developing countries

The most important outcome of a strong deal at Copenhagen will be an increase in certainty for business and investors that action to tackle climate change will be rewarded and that a failure to take action will result in poor business performance. It is the private sector, through its investment in new low carbon technologies, which will primarily tackle climate change. Currently, investors and business are not investing at a sufficient rate to successfully limit carbon emissions.

A continuation of today’s level of business practice and investments would result in an ultimate stabilisation level of greenhouse gases of at least 700 parts per million of carbon dioxide or its equivalent (ppm CO2e) or higher, resulting in a likely rise in temperatures of 4 degrees C or higher. The ambition of negotiators at Copenhagen is to achieve stabilisation at 450ppm CO2e and limit the global temperature rise to 2 degrees C.

A deal at Copenhagen will be of specific relevance to business and investors in two ways:

• Some industries will be directly impacted by decisions in Copenhagen, in particular those creating carbon offsets or trading in the carbon markets. In addition, aviation and maritime shipping may potentially come under new international frameworks to reduce emissions, although the nature of these is uncertain.
• Other industries will be affected by changes to national or regional policies to tackle climate change which follow a new level of ambition agreed at Copenhagen. For example, the European Union has announced that with a strong global deal, it will change its 2020 emissions reduction target vs. 1990 levels from 20% to 30%. This will involve a tightening of the cap on emissions in the EU ETS over the period 2005 to 2020 from a 21% reduction to around 30%. In the UK, the Committee on Climate Change has also recommended that with a global deal on climate change, the UK should move to its ‘intended’ budget of a 42% reduction in emissions by 2020 versus 1990 levels, compared to the current 34% ‘interim’ reduction target. This will require a further step change in policy beyond that set out in the Government’s Low Carbon Transition Plan and would particularly impact the non-EU ETS sectors such as buildings, transport, waste and agriculture.

Whilst Copenhagen has the potential to dramatically change the landscape of global climate change policy, it will not be the last word from international climate change negotiations. Even if a strong global deal is agreed, much of the detail will take many months or even years to finalise. And, in time, it is likely that with increased scientific understanding and realisation of the opportunities arising from proactive climate change policy, further tightening of ambition is achieved at further negotiating sessions.

Given the compelling need for the world to rapidly decarbonise, the enormous economic opportunities offered by the low carbon economy will go to those who move boldly and early.

For further information on the Government’s role in the Copenhagen negotiations go tohttp://www.actoncopenhagen.decc.gov.uk/

Professor Gerald Scott, of the Oxo-biodegradable Plastics Association, explains how making plastics oxo-biodegradable can contribute to the health of the planet

Everyone is aware of public concern about plastic waste in the open environment. All plastics will fragment and be bioassimilated, but the process can take many decades. The answer is to make ordinary and recycled polymers oxo-biodegradable, and about 20 billion such products were made last year.

Formulations which cause oxobiodegradation are usually compounds of cobalt, iron, nickel or manganese and are added to conventional polymers at the extrusion stage. They reduce the molecular weight by an abiotic process in the presence of oxygen – allowing the plastic to be then consumed by bacteria and fungi more quickly than nature’s lignocellulosic wastes and much more quickly than non-degradable plastics. The formulations have been tested and proved not to be eco-toxic – in particular they do not contain ‘heavy metals’.

Oxo-biodegradable plastics are normally tested according to ASTM D6954-04 Standard Guide for Exposing and Testing Plastics that Degrade in the Environment by a Combination of Oxidation and Biodegradation. There are two types of Standards – Standard Guides and Standard Specifications. The 6954 was developed by the American standards organization, and the second Tier relates specifically to biodegradation.

The ASTM D6954-04 tests tell industry and consumers what they need to know – whether the plastics is (a) degradable (b) biodegradable and (c) non eco-toxic. It is not necessary to use a Standard Specification unless the material is intended for a particular purpose. D6954 provides that if composting is the designated disposal route, ASTM D6400 should be used.

ASTM D6954-04 not only provides test methods but also pass/fail criteria. For example, para. 6.6.1 requires that 60% of the organic carbon must be converted to CO₂. It is not necessary to test until 100% has been converted, because it is possible, by applying the Arrhenius relationship to predict the time at which complete biodegradation in the environment is likely to occur. D6954 tests are usually conducted by independent and accredited laboratories. I have seen many test reports and am satisfied that oxo-bio products will totally biodegrade in the presence of oxygen. Pre-treatment does not invalidate the results as extrapolated to real-world conditions.

There is no requirement in D6954-04 for the plastics to convert to C0₂ in 180 days because, while short timescales are critical for industrial composting, they are not critical for biodegradation in the environment. Nature’s wastes such as straw and twigs may take 10 years or more to biodegrade, but oxo-bio plastics will biodegrade more quickly than that, and much more quickly than ordinary plastics. Oxo-bio is not intended for landfill, as it is undesirable for anything to decompose deep in landfill unless the landfill is designed to collect the gas, which most are not. Deep in landfill oxo-bio will be inert, like ordinary plastic, but compostable plastic can emit methane, which is a greenhouse gas 23 times more powerful than CO₂.

It is sometimes claimed that a plastics product is not ‘biodegradable’ unless it can comply with EN13432 (and similar standards such as ISO 17088, ASTM D6400, ASTM D6868, and Australian 4736-2006). This is not correct. These standards are appropriate for composting but they are not suitable for products designed to biodegrade if they get into the open environment. Indeed EN13432 itself says it is not appropriate for plastics waste which ends up in the environment through uncontrolled means.

Industrial composting is not the same as biodegradation in the environment, as it is an artificial process with a much shorter timescale than the processes of nature. Compostable plastics are not suitable for home-composting. The requirement in EN13432 and similar standards for 90% conversion to CO₂ gas within 180 days is not useful even for composting, because it contributes to climate change instead of improving the soil. Nature’s lignocellulosic wastes do not behave in this way. In June 2009 Germany’s Institute for Energy and Environmental Research concluded that oil-based plastics, especially if recycled, have a better Life-cycle Analysis than compostable plastics.

Oxo-bio plastics can be recycled in the same way as ordinary plastics and does not need special collection points. By contrast, “compostable” plastics cannot be recycled with ordinary plastics, and will ruin the recycling process if it gets into the waste stream. Recyclers should be worried about vegetable-based plastics – but not about oxo-bio.

(Source: http://www.packagingtoday.co.uk/)

Following article quotes Rosanna, President, Key Tech Corp, Jocelyn Buteau & Alexis,President, AGMPM  from www.greenerpackage.com/discuss

Rosanna:  I am trying to clarify something I was told recently told. When LCA is completed on plastic materials, it is done considering the raw material being crude oil and the processes employed, drilling, refining, cracking, etc. However, what I was told was that plastics are actually made from the byproducts of gasoline or fuel manufacturing and never really are made straight from crude. Given most of the oil drilled is used for gasoline or fuel, then is it correct to start there when doing LCA, or is it more correct to start somewhere else, or….? Seems then there is something not quite right about starting from crude oil? What am I missing here. Anyone?

Alexis:  To start with, 90% of crude oil is used for making fuels (energy). The other 10% is used for making all other products (chemicals, solvents, bitumen, plastics etc.). Crude oil processing leads to products that can be used either for energy or for other products. In polymer synthesis, part of these products are used as raw material and another part supplies the required energy. So, in a LCA we take into account both.

Buteau:  To perform a proper LCA analysis, you have to take in account values like CO2 emissions per ton at the packaging material manufacturing stage (that is once the resin is manufactured to produce a packaging material). These values are available from databases published by the EPA (here is an interesting link:www.epa.gov/ord/NRMRL/lcaccess/resources.html) and trade associations. In streamlined LCA software (LCA that are specialized in packaging), material metrics containt these values. If you have an opportunity to use the sustainable packaging scorecard that Walmart uses, you will see how these data are used to come up with sustainable performances of packaging. To summarize, you don’t have to add on every single value of CO2 emissions for every processing step (from drilling to manufacturing) unless you really want to do the excersise.

Today, you can find good looking bags that do not cause harm to the environment. Technology has improved to such a level that businesses are using these plastic bags to promote the image of their brands. What are the benefits of using such bags?

There is no need to compromise on appearance to save the environment. Today, you can find plastic bags that are biodegradable. As such, there is nothing on this planet that does not degrade over time. It is only the rate of degradation and the nature of pollutants released during degradation that matters. A cotton bag will degrade in a span of a few days while plastic will take numerous years to degrade. Today, plastic can be modified to degrade faster. This means that your customers will enjoy the benefits of using plastic bag which are sturdy and strong without feeling guilty for harming the environment.

It does not cost a lot to make use of these plastic bags. You can easily justify the excess expenditure as the price that your company is ready to pay to protect the environment. This argument will definitely boost your image as a responsible institution.

Using biodegradable plastic bags is not an expense. Rather, it is an investment that will yield returns over a long period of time. Offering such plastic bags to just a few customers can spectacularly backfire on your goodwill. You should order sufficient quantity of bags of uniform quality to ensure that each and every customer is pleased for being treated as someone special.

Making use of the World Wide Web to find the right service provider is the smartest decision. For starters, you can quickly get in touch with sellers situated in the same area in which you operate. The most obvious benefit of such a move is that you will save a lot on transportation costs. Secondly, there are web sites that connect you with such sellers and also helps you compare deals and get the best possible deal from each seller. What is more, you can perform the task of negotiating with various sellers of environmental friendly plastic bags without even stepping out of your office.

If you make use of biodegradable plastic bags, you can easily bolster profits without compromising on your image as a responsible and mature business. These plastic bags can be offered in different sizes and will last a long time without any quality issues.

(Source: www.promotional-merchandise.org.uk)

J-Trend Systems Co., Ltd. we are proudly being as a member of Biodegradable Plastics Association and supply degradable plastics in Asia (Taiwan, China, Vietnam)

Oct. 11, 2009 (Al Bawaba) — Masafi – one of the region’s leading FMCG brands – has introduced Oxo Biodegradable films in its shrink-wrap packaging for water bottles. Masafi is the first company in the food and beverage sector across the Middle East to launch the Oxo Biodegradable packaging.